Cisco CCNA – OSPF Characteristics & Configuration

 

As defined by RFC 2328, OSPF is using an arbitrary value called cost for its metric. Cisco decided to use bandwidth as the OSPF cost metric

OSPF’s advantages are its fast convergence and its scalability, which allows for large network scenarios. Currently, OSPFv2 is used for IPv4 networks and OSPFv3 for IPv6 networks. OSPF also supports Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) and Classless Inter-Domain-Routing (CIDR).

OSPF uses areas to manage the network. Areas are 32-bit numbers. Those numbers can either be in decimal form or in octet-based dot-decimal notation, just like IPv4 addresses. Area 0 (or 0.0.0.0) represents the backbone of an OSPF network.

The OSPF package header is included in every OSPF packet. In the IP packet header, the protocol field is set to 89 and the destination address is set to the ALLSPFRouters address, 224.0.0.5.

The OSPF protocol is sending the following packet types:

• 1.Hello – used to discover the neighbors, establish the parameters on which the routers must agree, build adjacencies, elect Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designed Router (BDR).
• 2.DBD – Database Description is used to check if the database is synchronized between the sending and the receiving router.
• 3.LSR – Link-State Request is used to request specific link-state records.
• 4.LSU – Link-State Update packets are used to reply to LSRs and also to announce new informations or changes to the current topology.
• 5.LSAack – Link-State Acknowledgement is send by the receiving router to confirm the receipt of an LSU.

 OSPF uses the Dijkstra’s shortest path first alhorithm (SPF) to create the SPF tree.

The default Administrative Distance is 110, which makes OSPF preferred over other IGPs, like IS-IS and RIP.

To protect your network routers from receiving unsolicited and bogus OSPF information, the protocol is able to encrypt and authenticate the routing information. This way, the routers will receive information only from routers configured with the same authentication information.

To enable OSPF on a router, you must enter router ospf process-id in the global configuration mode, where process-id is a number between 1 and 65535. This number does not have to be the same on all routers and can be randomly selected. Its influence takes place only locally and it’s not advertised on the network.

To announce a route through OSPF, the network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id command is used in router configuration mode. For example, to announce the network 192.168.0.0/24 you must enter network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0. The wildcard mask is calculated by subtracting the netmask from  255.255.255.255. For example, the wildcard mask for 255.255.255.224 is 0.0.0.31.

Router(config)#router ospf 1

Router(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.31 area 0

 OSPF has 3 methods to determine the router-id in the following order: 1) use the IP address configured with the router-id command; 2) use the highest IP address of any Loopback interface; 3) use the highest IP of any other interface. If you didn’t configure the router ID, you can find out which one is it with the show ip protocols command. However, if the Router ID is automatically assigned and you decide to change it with the router-id command, you must use the clear ip ospf process command. Please note that, if you decide to use a Loopback or a physical interface, the above command may not work and you may have to reload your router.

Router(config)#router ospf 1

Router(config-router)#router-id 192.168.0.1

Router(config-router)#ctrl-Z                                                       

Router#clear ip ospf process

 The metric of OSPF can be easily determined with the following formula: 10^8 / speed of the interface in bps. For example, the metric of an Ethernet interface is 10^8 / 10,000,000 bps = 10. The metric of T1 (1.544Mbps) is 10^8 / 1,544,000 bps = 64. Considering this formula, any Fast Ethernet or faster interface has a metric of 1. Also, please note that the value of the metric in OSPF from the router to a network is the accumulated value of all metrics until it reaches that network. For example, if R1 needs to get to R3 through R2, and the metric between R1 and R2 is 1 and the metric from R2 and R3 is 64, the total value of the metric is 65.

However, if you are using for example a serial interface, which is able to support a T1 link but you have only a 128kbps link, you must use the bandwidth or the ip ospf cost  interface command to set the appropriate value. Without it, OSPF may not be able to calculate the real cost and you may get an undesirable routing behavior.

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0

Router(config-if)#bandwidth 128

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0

Router(config-if)#ip ospf cost 781

 Of course, today’s networks have even higher speed links, and you may have for example 10GigE interfaces along with 1GigE and Fast Ethernet. The problem here is that the metric for all these interfaces will be 1 which can lead to an unexpected behavior. To solve this problem, you can adjust the reference-bandwidth (the value is in Mbits per second):

Router(config)#router ospf 1

Router(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth 10000

OSPF however, can be a challenge in Multiaccess Networks. Creating adjacencies for every two routers in your network can result to a great number of unnecessary adjacencies and this leads to LSA flooding. To better understand the result, the formula to figure out how many adjacencies will be creating in this scenario is (n stands for the number of routers): n(n-1)/2. Making the calculations for a 5 router scenario this gives us 10. That’s not that much, but let’s do the math for 20 routers: 20(20-1)/2 = 190. Now try to imagine what’s happening when the routers are sending out LSAs. The solution for this problem is to elect a Designated Router (DR).

Designated Routers (DR) is a router elected to distribute the LSAs. This way, large scale networks can avoid LSA floods. After the election of the DR a Backup Designated Router (BDR) is also elected, in case of DR failure. With a DR present in your network, the other routers, instead of flooding LSAs around the network, they only send them to the DR and the BDR using the multicast address 224.0.0.6 ( also known as ALLDRouters). After the DR receives the LSA, it sends it to the other routers in the network using the 224.0.0.5 (also known as ALLSPFRouters).

The election process is a fairly simple one. The DR is the router with the highest OSPF interface priority, the BDR is the one with second highest OSPF interface priority. If their interface priorities are equal, the router with the highest router ID wins. The show ip ospf neighbor command shows the status of the routers.

Router# show ip ospf neighbor

ID          Pri   State        Dead Time     Address         Interface

10.199.199.137  1    FULL/DR       0:00:31    192.168.80.37      Ethernet0

172.16.48.1     1    FULL/DROTHER  0:00:33    172.16.48.1        Fddi0

172.16.48.200   1    FULL/DROTHER  0:00:33    172.16.48.200      Fddi0

10.199.199.137  5    FULL/DR       0:00:33    172.16.48.189      Fddi0

 

The DR router should be a powerful one to handle it’s job. In almost every network you will see many models, some newer, some older. To make sure the router you want will become DR, you can manually set the priority with the ip ospf priority priority interface command (priority is between 0 and 255).

In some cases you may find that the update interval of Hello and Dead packets it’s not appropriate for your network. In this case you can adjust them with the ip ospf hello-interval seconds and ip ospf dead-interval seconds interface commands.

One of the must-have skills for every network administrator is the ability to use the show commands. Every time when you are in doubt about the good operation of your OSPF network, the show ip ospf command is here to assist you. To check if two routers have become neighbors, you must use the show ip ospf neighbors command. Also, show ip ospf interface interface-name will give you information about Hello and Dead times.

• 1) show ip protocols

 Router#show ip protocols

Routing protocol is “ospf 1”

Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set

Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set

Router ID 192.168.0.1

Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

Maximum path: 4

Routing for Networks:

192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

10.0.0.0 0.0.0.31 area 0

Reference bandwidth unit is 100 mbps

Routing Information Sources:

Gateway         Distance     Last Update

192.168.0.2          110     11:29:29

10.0.0.2             110     11:29:29

Distance: (default is 110)

 

• 2) show ip ospf

 

Router# show ip ospf

 

Routing Process “ospf 1” with ID 192.168.0.1

Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes

Supports opaque LSA

Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS)

Initial SPF schedule delay 5000 msecs

Minimum hold time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs

Maximum wait time between two consecutive SPFs 10000 msecs

Incremental-SPF disabled

Minimum LSA interval 5 secs

Minimum LSA arrival 1000 msecs

LSA group pacing timer 240 secs

Interface flood pacing timer 33 msecs

Retransmission pacing timer 66 msecs

Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0

Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0

Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0

Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0

Number of areas in this router is 0. 0 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

External flood list length 0

Area BACKBONE(0)

Number of interfaces in this area is 2

Area has message digest authentication

SPF algorithm executed 4 times

Area ranges are

Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x29BEB

Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0

Number of DCbitless LSA 3

Number of indication LSA 0

Number of DoNotAge LSA 0

Flood list length 0

 

• 3) show ip ospf interface interface-name

 

Router# show ip ospf interface ethernet 0

 

Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 192.168.0.202, Mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0.0.0.0

AS 201, Router ID 192.168.0.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10

Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State OTHER, Priority 1

Designated Router id 192.168.0.10, Interface address 192.168.0.10

Backup Designated router id 192.168.0.28, Interface addr 192.168.0.28

Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 60, Wait 40, Retransmit 5

Hello due in 0:00:05

Neighbor Count is 8, Adjacent neighbor count is 2

Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.0.28  (Backup Designated Router)

Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.0.10  (Designated Router)

 

Every OSPF route in show ip route has an O at the beginning like in the following example:

 

Router# show ip route

 

Codes: I – IGRP derived, R – RIP derived, O – OSPF derived,

C – connected, S – static, E – EGP derived, B – BGP derived,

* – candidate default route, IA – OSPF inter area route,

i – IS-IS derived, ia – IS-IS, U – per-user static route,

o – on-demand routing, M – mobile, P – periodic downloaded static route,

D – EIGRP, EX – EIGRP external, E1 – OSPF external type 1 route,

E2 – OSPF external type 2 route, N1 – OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,

N2 – OSPF NSSA external type 2 route

 

Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0

 

O E2 172.150.0.0